Screening and Assessment Collection

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Open Access Screening and Assessment

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Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory
(Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 2005) Ondersma, S.J.; Chaffin, M.; Mullins, S.; LeBreton, J.
Ondersma, Chaffin, Mullins, and LeBreton developed the Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory (BCAP) in 2005 as a short version of Milner’s CAPI screening instrument. Because CAPI is the most widely used and thoroughly researched measure of parental child abuse risk, Ondersma and team wanted to enhance the tool by creating a version that reduces participant burden and time, simplifies the scoring process, and increases its applicability. BCAP is a 33-item screening tool with 24 abuse risk scales and 9 validity scales. Whereas the CAPI takes 15-20 minutes to complete, the BCAP only takes 5 minutes. Ondersma and team validated the BCAP in 2005 and found that the BCAP and CAPI demonstrated similar patterns of external correlates. The BCAP was further proven that it may be useful as a time-efficient screener for abuse risk. To access the BCAP, interested parties should purchase copies from Psytec of the full version of the CAPI equivalent to the number of brief versions they would like to administer. The CAPI is a proprietary measure and therefore the BCAP is not available for separate purchase and cannot be disseminated independently. (CVR Abstract)
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory - Version 2
(Family Development Resources, Inc., 1979) Bavolek, S.J.; Richard, K.G.
Bavolek and Keene developed the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI-2.1) in 2010 to assess the parenting and child rearing attitudes of adult and adolescent parent and pre-parent populations. The APPI-2.1 was updated from the original version of the APPI created in 1979. The APPI-2.1 is a 40-item self-reporting inventory that measures parental behaviors and is commonly used to assess the risk of child abuse and neglect. The AAPI-2.1 provides and index of five subscales: Expectations of Children, Parental Empathy towards Children's Needs, Use of Corporal Punishment, Parent-Child Family Roles, and Children's Power and Independence. The instrument is offered in English, Spanish, Creole, and Arabic, and takes 10-15 minutes to complete. There are two forms of the AAPI-2.1: Form A and Form B. Each form has 40 items presented on a five point Likert Scale of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, Strongly Disagree and Uncertain. Traditionally, Form A is offered as a pretest and Form B as a posttest. Responses to the inventory provide an index of risk for practicing behaviors known to be attributable to child abuse and neglect. The APPI-2.1 was validated in 2006 by Nicola Conners, Leanne Whiteside-Mansell, David Deere, Toni Ledet, and Mark Edwards. Their findings suggested that the instrument was effective at measuring at least two of the constructs it purports to measure and that the total score may be useful. (CVR Abstract)
Conflict tactics scales - Parent child
(National Inst. of Mental Health (DHHS), 1995) Straus, M.A.; Hamby, S.L.; Finkelhor, D.; Moore, D.; Runyan, D.
Straus, Hamby, Finkelhor, Moore, and Runyan developed the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) as a brief tool to improve the ability of the already existent Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) to obtain data on physical and psychological child maltreatment. The CTSPC is a 35-item parent-report measure that provides information regarding the presence and severity of parenting behaviors associated with child maltreatment. The assessment takes 6-8 minutes to complete and consists of six scales: Nonviolent Discipline; Psychological Aggression; Physical Assault; Supplemental Questions on Discipline in the Previous Week; Neglect; and Sexual Abuse. The CTSPC modified the original CTS to revise the psychological aggression and physical assault scales, replace the reasoning scale with the nonviolent discipline scale, and add supplemental scales to measure neglect and sexual abuse, as well as supplemental questions on discipline methods used in the previous week. The CTSPC was validated in 2018 by Allison Cotter, Kaitlin Proctor and Elizabeth Brestan-Knight. Their study found that observed parent behaviors relate to parents’ reported use of psychological aggression, corporal punishment, and assault, and that the measure should be interpreted at the subscale level. (CVR Abstract)
ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Parent Version
(Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 2009) International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect; World Health Organization; United Nations
In 2009, ISPCAN collaborated with UNICEF, the UN Secretary General’s Study on Violence against Children, the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, and the World Health Organization to develop the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools (ICAST). The ICAST is a measure to assess child abuse prevalence and frequency, and is used worldwide in various countries. There are three versions of the ICAST tool: a child version for ages 11-18 (ICAST-C), a parent version (ICAST-P) and a young adults’ retrospective version (ICAST-R). The questionnaires and manuals were updated in 2015, and are currently available in English, Russian and Spanish. ICAST-P (Parent) collects data about discipline behaviors of the parents directed toward a specific child. The ICAST-P is an interview administered to parents or caregivers and consists of 57 items that ask about the children’s exposure to violence in the home. The assessment contains questions on the methods used by parents and/or caregivers to discipline the child or adolescent, as well as the attitudes adopted to solve behavioral problems and the frequency of omissions and/or aggressions by respondents. The tool can be completed by the participants themselves or by a practitioner. The tool was validated in 2009 by researchers in 11 countries and demonstrated that the instrument can be used in a broad range of cultures and languages with low rates of missing data and moderate to high internal consistency. (CVR Abstract)
ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Child Version
(Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 2009) International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect; World Health Organization; United Nations
In 2009, ISPCAN collaborated with UNICEF, the UN Secretary General’s Study on Violence against Children, the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, and the World Health Organization to develop the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools (ICAST). The ICAST is a measure to assess child abuse prevalence and frequency, and is used worldwide in various countries. There are three versions of the ICAST tool: a child version for ages 11-18 (ICAST-C), a parent version (ICAST-P) and a young adults’ retrospective version (ICAST-R). The questionnaires and manuals were updated in 2015, and are currently available in English, Russian and Spanish. ICAST-C (Children) is a 69-item self-assessment instrument for children over 11 years of age. This instrument is to be administered to a group of children at the same time so that individual children’s answers are anonymous. There are two versions of the ICAST-C: ICAST-CI (Institutional) and ICAST-CH (Home version). The ICAST-CI measures victimization in school or other institutional environments. The ICAST-CH measures a child’s current (past-year) and lifetime exposure to physical, emotional and sexual abuse, neglect, domestic violence and community violence. The tools can be completed by the participants themselves or by a practitioner. The ICAST-C was validated in 2009 by researchers from 10 countries and was proven to demonstrate feasibility as a strategy to assess child victimization. (CVR Abstract)
ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Retrospective Questionnaire
(Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 2009) International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect; World Health Organization; United Nations
In 2009, ISPCAN collaborated with UNICEF, the UN Secretary General’s Study on Violence against Children, the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, and the World Health Organization to develop the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools (ICAST). The ICAST is a measure to assess child abuse prevalence and frequency, and is used worldwide in various countries. There are three versions of the ICAST tool: a child version for ages 11-18 (ICAST-C), a parent version (ICAST-P) and a young adults’ retrospective version (ICAST-R). The questionnaires and manuals were updated in 2015, and are currently available in English, Russian and Spanish. ICAST-R (Retrospective Questionnaire) is a 32-item measure for young adults to assess child abuse prevalence and frequency. This version of the ICAST is for adults who have recently become independent (aged 18-24 years), and was developed to ask them about their violent experiences that occurred before they were 18 years old by adults and/or peers. This tool is used with young adults to measure the prevalence of physical, emotional and sexual child abuse, and neglect in childhood by any perpetrator. The tool can be completed by the participants themselves or by a practitioner. The ICAST-R was validated in 2009 by child maltreatment experts from 28 countries. They came to a consensus that the tool translates clearly and has satisfactory properties for adoption as a survey tool to estimate prevalence and describe perpetrators and other contextual aspects of child abuse. (CVR Abstract)
Child Abuse Potential Inventory
(PAR, 1986) Milner, J.
Milner developed the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) in 1986 to help protective services workers detect physical child abuse in their investigations of reported child abuse cases. This is a self-report screening instrument given to parents or caregivers suspected of abuse. The test consists of 160-items and uses an “agree/disagree,” forced-choice format. CAPI contains a total of 10 standard scales and 2 specials scales (added to the measure in 1990). The 10 standard scales include a 77-item Child Abuse Scale and 3 validity scales. The primary clinical scale—Abuse Scale—can be divided into six factor scales: Distress; Rigidity; Unhappiness; Problems with Child and Self; Problems with Family; and Problems with Others. The two special scales are Loneliness and Ego-Strength, and the three validity scales are Lie, Random Response, and Inconsistency. There have been multiple studies that have shown that the parent or care-giver’s score on the CAP inventory is predictive of the child’s long-term intelligence, socioemotional outcome, and development as well as future behavior by the parent or care-giver. In the preliminary validation study done by Milner in 1984, he found a significant relationship between CAPI abuse scores and subsequent abuse as well as between abuse scores and later neglect. (CVR Abstract)
Pediatric Hurt-Insult-Threaten-Scream-Sex
(Family Medicine, 2014) Shakil, A.; Day, P.G.; Chu, J.; Woods, S.B.; Bridges, K.; Cost: Unspecified; Training: Unspecified; Number of Items: 5
Shakil, Day, Chu, Woods, and Bridges developed the Pediatric Hurt-Insult-Threaten Scream-Sex tool (PedHITSS) in 2014 to detect and prompt provider investigation into child abuse in clinical health care settings. This tool was developed as an alternative to other lengthy screening tools. PEDHITSS is a brief screen to be completed by parents or guardians of pediatric patients (0-12 years of age). The tool includes five Likert-scaled items measuring acts of commission, to promote provider awareness of physical and sexual child abuse and to prompt an investigatory process. Scale scores are calculated by summing responses—scores ranging from 0 to 20—with higher scores indicating more frequent abusive behavior. This is an adaptation of the family violence HITS tool, used in adult primary care populations. PedHITSS allows health care providers to confidently screen and report suspected cases of child abuse and serves as a mechanism to confirm abuse status. PedHITSS was validated by the creators in 2018, and was proven to perform as well as CTSPC (Conflict Tactics Scale- Parent Child) with identifying and differentiating victims and non-victims of child abuse. (CVR Abstract)
Victimization Assessment Tool
(Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1994) Hoff, L.A.; Rosenbaum, L.
Hoff and Rosenbaum developed the Victimization Assessment Tool in 1994 to assist nurses and other primary care providers with routine assessment for victimization in diverse health and mental health settings. The tool is made up of five items which screen for physical interpersonal violence, sexual violence, suicidal ideation, and risk of hurting others. The tool is designed for men and women within a primary care setting. In their original article, Rosenbaum and Hoff found preliminary validity and reliability. (CVR Abstract)
Sexual and Physical Abuse Questionnaire
(Child Abuse and Neglect, 2002) Kooiman, C.G.; Ouwehand, A.W.; ter Kuile, M.M.
Kooiman, Ouwehand, and ter Kuile developed the Sexual and Phsyical Abuse Questionnaire (SPAQ) in 2002 to screen for and assess sexual and physical abuse during childhood and later years using narrow definitions of abuse. Developed and tested in the psychiatric outpatient's clinic of a hospital, the tool was designed to be used in clinical settings. The Questionnaire is made up of 9 items, six of which ask about experiences and timing of sexual abuse and three ask about whether or not the responded had discussed their experiences with anyone previously. SPAQ includes brief instructions for the respondent, but does not include any formal training. The original developers found the tool to be both reliable and validated. (CVR Abstract)
Sexual Abuse Questionnaire
(Journal of Child Sex Abuse, 2005) Lock, T.; Levis, D.J.; Rourke, P.A.
Lock, Levis, and Rourke developed the Sexual Abuse Questionnaire in 2005 as a brief screening inventory to help clinicians identify childhood sexual abuse history. This propreitary tool exists under a copyright by the Journal of Child Sex Abuse. The Questionnaire is made up of 45 true-or-false items, which range in severity of sexual abuse and its psychological impacts, to be completed in approximately five minutes. In two studies, the original developers found the tool to have test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminative validity. The participants consisted of both males and females, and the questionnaire itself uses gender-inclusive language. (CVR Abstract)
Abuse Screening Questions
(Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 2003) Curry, M.A.; Powers, L.E.; Oschwalk, M.;
Curry, Powers, and Oschwalk developed the Abuse Screening Questions in 2003 to screen for abuse unique to women with disabilities, who are at increased risk for violence. The instrument includes eight items - five of which were developed with language unique to women with disabilities, and the remaining three selected from established abuse screening tools. One of the questions asks about sexual abuse. The tool also includes 14 risk assessment questions modeled after the Danger Assessment (1995), but that do not assess for risk of sexual assault. The Abuse Screening Questions were developed for female victims, but the language used is inclusive. ASQ is a public domain tool, and a 2003 field study by the tool's authors with 47 women with physical and cognitive disabilities found the questions to be a valid instrument for screening abuse. (CVR Abstract)
Older Adult Psychological Abuse Measure (OAPAM)
(The Gerontological Society of America, 2011) Conrad, K.J.; Iris, M.; Ridings, J.W.; Langley, K.; Anetzberger, G.J.;
Conrad, Iris, Ridings, Langley, and Anetzberger developed the Older Adult Psychological Abuse Measure (OAPAM) in 2009 for the National Institute of Justice and validated the tool in 2011. OAPAM is an assessment tool designed to assist medical providers and social service practitioners in measuring whether their clients experience any form of mistreatment or abuse. There are both self-report and practitioner-observation versions of this tool available. Found on page 89 of the article linked here, this tool includes 83 items that cover both psychological and financial abuse domains. The questionnaire opens by asking brief background information, then yes/no/suspected/NA answer choices available for each item, with each response corresponding to a number of 1, 2, 3, or 4, respectively. Respondents are encouraged to circle the number most applicable to that question within the last 12 months. Most question items concerning a specific caregiver or individual in the patient’s lives within this tool include a blank for the patient to write that person’s name in to ensure they understand the question as they move along. Interested parties should contact the authors to use this tool. (CVR Abstract)
Actual Abuse Tool
(Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 2001) Bass, D.M.; Anetzberger, G.J.; Ejaz, F.K.; Nagpaul, K.;
Bass, Anetzberger, Ejaz, and Nagpaul developed the Actual Abuse Tool in 2001 to assist service providers in detecting elder abuse and/or domestic violence among older American adults. This tool provides a list of the major forms of abuse and violence along with examples of physical abuse, psychological abuse, neglect, and exploitation. The Actual Abuse tool is designed for either the victim, a “reliable party,” or medical and service providers to complete. The tool includes 19 bulleted statements separated into four categories that the person administering the tool is supposed to ask as a question, and place a checkmark in that row if they receive an affirmative answer. According to the authors, a single check indicates the perceived presence of abuse. The tool is validated for English-speaking adult populations. This tool is available for public use, but parties should contact the Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect if they are interested in reprinting this tool. (CVR Abstract)
Questions to Elicit Elder Abuse
(The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 2003) Carney, M.T.; Kahan, F.S.; Paris, B.E.C.;
Carney, Kahana, and Paris developed the Questions to Elicit Elder Abuse screening tool in 2003 to guide medical practitioners in screening for elder abuse in their senior patients. The tool opens by encouraging practitioners to ask family members to leave the room in order to interview the patient alone. The 15 tool items are separated into four categories: physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and financial abuse. Each question is short and straightforward; they are designed as probing questions to clarify specifics about whether or not abuse may be occurring. The tool is validated for English speaking older adult populations. This tool is available for public use, but parties should contact the Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine if they are interested in reprinting this tool. (CVR Abstract)
Elder Abuse Suspicion Index (EASI)
(Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 2008) Yaffe, M.J.; Wolfson, C.; Lithwick, M.; Weiss, D.;
Yaffe, Wolfson, Lithwick, and Weiss developed the Elder Abuse Suspicion Index (EASI) in 2008 to assist doctors in determining whether a patient may be at risk of elder abuse. EASI explicitly states that doctors should use the screening tool to decide whether a patient needs further evaluation by social services or adult protective services. The tool has six yes or no questions, five of which are for the doctor to ask the patient while the last question is for the doctor to answer. EASI questions ask the patient whether they have been prevented from getting basic needs by someone, whether anyone has made them feel upset, whether anyone has hurt them, and more; the question for the doctor lists possible physical markers of elder abuse and asks whether the doctor notices them. EASI was validated only for use by “family practitioners of cognitively intact seniors seen in ambulatory settings.” This tool is proprietary and interested parties should request permission to use it. (CVR Abstract)
Risk of Abuse Tool
(Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 2001) Bass, D.M.; Anetzberger, G.J.; Ejaz, F.K.; Nagpaul, K.;
Bass, Anetzberger, Ejaz, and Nagpaul developed the Risk of Abuse tool in 2001 to assist social service providers in screening their clients for risk of either perpetrating elder abuse or being victimized by elder abuse and/or domestic violence. The Risk of Abuse tool has 27 questions separated into four categories, with each question matching to either the “Possible Victim” column, “Possible Perpetrator” column, or both columns. This means that a question intended for a possible victim is shaded out in the “Possible Perpetrator,” and vice-versa. A question intended for both possible victim and possible perpetrator is identified by non-shaded columns. Service providers are encouraged to place a check mark in the appropriate row/question if they identify a particular problem/risk factor in one or both columns. The Risk of Abuse tool is available for public use, but parties should contact The Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect if they are interested in reprinting this tool. (CVR Abstract)
Elder Assessment Instrument (EAI)
(Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 1984) Fulmer, T.;
Fulmer developed the Elder Assessment Instrument (EAI) in 1984 and updated it in 2003 to allow professionals “in all clinical settings” to screen for suspected elder abuse victims. EAI is designed for use only by clinicians screening their patients. The screening instrument is not a questionnaire with a scoring mechanism like many other tools, but rather a Likert scale and tracker for the clinician to rate whether there is no evidence, possible evidence, probably evidence, or definite evidence of elder abuse along five main categories of 41 health indicators. The instrument categories include a space for general assessment, “Possible Abuse Indicators,” “Possible Neglect Indicators,” “Possible Exploitation Indicators, and “Possible Abandonment Indicators” with room for an overall summary at the end. Fulmer directs clinicians using EAI to refer their patients to social services if there is any positive evidence of abuse (without clinical explanation) on any health indicator, or if the patient complains of mistreatment. There is no target population explicitly outlined in EAI. EAI is available for public use, but parties should contact The Journal of Gerontological Nursing if they are interested in reprinting this tool. (CVR Abstract)
Brief Abuse Screen for the Elderly (BASE)
(National Institute for the Care of the Elderly, 1995) Reis, M.; Nahmiash, D.;
Reis and Nahmiash developed the Brief Abuse Screen for the Elderly (BASE) as part of an intervention model to combat abuse and neglect of older adults in 1995. BASE is designed for home-care workers to screen for abuse in new clients. To use BASE, trained health service workers complete a five-item questionnaire that includes questions about whether the person in question is a caregiver or care-receiver, a scale indicator of the suspicion of abuse, and what an estimated timeline for abuse intervention may need to be. This tool is designed for use with all English-speaking health service clients 60 years or over who are either caregivers or care-receivers. This tool is proprietary and interested parties should request permission from the authors to use it. (CVR Abstract)
Indicators of Abuse Screen (IOA)
(The Gerontological Society of America, 1998) Reis, M.; Nahmiash, D.;
Reis and Nahmiash developed and validated the Indicators of Abuse Screen (IOA) in 1998 as a screening tool to allow health and social service agency practitioners to identify elders who are being abused by their caretakers. To use IOA, practitioners first administer a “2-3 hour comprehensive in-home assessment,” then score each of the 27 indicators in the IOA with a score of 0 to 4 based on their “current opinion” after witnessing interactions between caregiver and care receiver during the in-home assessment. The indicators include 12 items for the practitioner to score their opinions of the caregiver’s behavior and 15 items for the practitioner to score the experience of the older adult receiving care. To use IOA to determine the presence of abuse, the authors encourage practitioners to sum the scores assigned to each indicator and consider a total score of 16 or higher to indicate elder abuse. This screening tool is designed for English-speaking adult populations and must be completed by a medical or social service practitioner. IOA is available for public use, but parties should contact The Gerontological Society of America if they are interested in reprinting this tool. (CVR Abstract)

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